Few religious factors played much part in the largest of the slaughters of the twentieth century, the violence espoused by Fascism and Communism.43 Perhaps fifty million Chinese died under Mao, about twenty million Ukrainians under Stalin, and then we come to World War II and the Holocaust. In both its Russian and its Chinese forms, Communism was overtly atheistic. In both its German and its Italian forms, Fascism was nominally Christian but only in the sense that it was happy to appeal to God and religion in pursuit of its own social cial and political agendas, never so as to be reformed by Scripture or Christian truth or morality, never in any sense to belong to the great tradition of historic creeds. Despite the best efforts of Jonathan I. Israel rael not only to ground the Enlightenment in the thought of Spinoza but also to demonstrate that only atheism provides adequate resources sources to generate toleration -in his analysis, theism and religious belief in all their forms are intrinsically intolerant44 -the outcome in the twentieth century is scarcely reassuring. Atheism, whether theoretical (as in Communism) or practical (as in Fascism), far from being tolerant, spilled oceans of blood. – D.A Carson, The Intolerance of Tolerances